#13Instagram News Feed & Photo Publishing
13 / 20
Meta logoMeta System
MediumProduct Systems
35–50 min

Instagram News Feed & Photo Publishing

Design Instagram's timeline generation system supporting photo/video uploads, fanout-on-write for regular users, and fanout-on-read for celebrity accounts.

Scale & Traffic1B+ Monthly Active Users · 500M stories/day
Monthly Cloud Budget$45,000/month
Latency Target (P99)< 50ms Realtime SLA
Availability SLA99.99% Multi-AZ Active

System Requirements

  • Publish photos & videos with asynchronous transcoding pipelines
  • Deliver home timeline to users with < 150ms latency
  • Hybrid fanout strategy: push model for normal users, pull model for VIPs (>1M followers)
  • Image/video media delivery via global edge CDN

Graded Constraints

01Monthly cost within $45,000/month
02CDN edge network for image/video streaming
03Object storage for original and resized photo assets
04In-memory feed cache storing precomputed timelines (Redis)
05Relational / Document DB for social graph and post metadata

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Instagram News Feed & Photo Publishing — System Design Problem | Mimir Nest